REFERENCES: Allan, G.M., et al. Vitamin D is crucial for children's good health and development. Read on to find out how much vitamin D your child needs, which sources are the best, and how to avoid. Vitamin D is the only vitamin we can make by standing in the sun. We can also eat it in fish, beef liver and mushrooms. Most milk, cereal and orange juice is. This is a detailed article about vitamin D and its health effects. Vitamin D actually functions as a hormone, and deficiency is incredibly common. The Institute of Medicine. By natural, we mean those levels obtained by those with natural sun exposure, such as lifeguards, some roofers and gardeners, and others who work in the sun and expose a lot of skin to sunshine. This is how our ancestors behaved throughout our evolutionary history. The best study that examined the vitamin D levels of people who get plenty of sun exposure was published last year. Researchers discovered that free- living hunter gatherers living around the African equator (where humans evolved) have average vitamin D levels of 4. L). Luxwolda MF, Kuipers RS, Kema IP, Dijck- Brouwer DA, Muskiet FA. Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 2. D concentration of 1. Nov 1. 4; 1. 08(9): 1. Although people of any age who don Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Mayo Clinic School of Medicine; Mayo Clinic School of Continuous. Vitamin D information based on scientific evidence includes description, drug interactions, safety concerns, and effectiveness. CONSEQUENCES OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Much debate has taken place over the definition of vitamin D deficiency. Most agree that a 25(OH)D. Most people will not have their blood tested unless their doctor recommends it. So we needed a recommended dose that: Is easy to obtain at most pharmacies. Will get at least 9. Will get most people above 4. Will not cause anyone to get toxic levels. When we decided on a recommendation with the four goals above in mind, we also had to take into account body weight. Besides genetics, body weight is the single biggest determinate of vitamin D levels. The more you weigh, the more vitamin D you need to take. Professor Robert Heaney of Creighton University details in the study below just how high vitamin D supplementation/input needs to be to reach the vitamin D level goals above. Drincic AT, Armas LA, Van Diest EE, Heaney RP. Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low vitamin D status of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). Jul; 2. 0(7): 1. 44. Of course the final vitamin D level obtained by any dose depends on baseline level, sun exposure and genetics. But he was speaking of the average adult. For those who want a more careful calculation, he stated his data showed that 7. IU/day/kg of body weight total input is needed to obtain a 2. OH)D of 4. 0 ng/ml. That works out to about 3. IU/day/pound. So a 1. IU/day of total input but a 3. IU/day. Keep in mind this is total input, which includes sunlight, diet and supplements. Taking all these factors into account, we conclude a recommendation of 5,0. IU/day is about right for the average adult. Phylogenetic and evolutionary aspects of vitamin D from phytoplankton to humans. In: Pang PKT, Schreibman MP, eds. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, Inc (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), 1. Vitamin D: A millennium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 20. Jerdrzej Sniadecki (1. Nature. 19. 39; 1. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest. 20. Collected writings, volume I. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1. The cure of infantile rickets by sunlight. Infantile hypercalcaemia, nutritional rickets, and infantile scurvy in Great Britain. Vitamin D status and its adequacy in healthy Danish perimenopausal. Br J Nutr. 20. 01; 8. S9. 7ā1. 03. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys. N Engl J Med. 20. Healthy elderly French women living at home have secondary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Dawson- Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int. 20. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet. 19. 98; 3. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med. 19. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 2. D. J Am Coll Nutr. Vitamin D supplementation, 2. D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 19. Heilung von Rachitis durch Kunstliche Hohensonne. Vitamin D status among patients with hip fracture and elderly. Yekaterinburg, Russia. Osteoporos Int. 20. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community. J Bone Miner Res. Identification of 1,2. D3 receptors and activities in muscle. J Biol Chem. 19. 85; 2. Higher 2. 5- hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower- extremity. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls. J Am Geriatr Soc. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength an. Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Severe generalized bone pain and osteoporosis in a premenopausal black female: effect. D replacement. J Clin Densitom. Aaron JE, Gallagher JC, Anderson J, et al. Frequency of osteomalacia and osteoporosis in fractures of the proximal femur. Nutritional osteomalacia: substantial clinical improvement and gain in bone density post therapy. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal. Mayo Clin Proc. 20. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Nutritional rickets around the world: causes and future directions. Ann Trop Paediatr. Low 2. 5- hydroxyvitamin D and normal serum calcium concentrations in Saudi Arabia: Riyadh region. Ann Nutr Metab. 19. Hypovitaminosis D in healthy schoolchildrren. Pediatrics. 20. 01; 1. Tangpricha V, Pearce EN, Chen TC, Holick MF. Vitamin D insufficiency among free- living healthy young adults. Am J Med. 20. 02; 1. Gordon CM, De. Peter KC, Estherann G, Emans SJ. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Sullivan SS, Rosen CJ, Halteman WA, Chen TC, Holick MF. Adolescent girls in Maine at risk for vitamin D insufficiency. J Am Diet Assoc. 20. Lips P, Duong T, Oleksik A, et al. A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy D, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Vitamin D insufficiency in south- east Queensland. Med J Aust. 20. 01; 1. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis d by sunlight exposure in hospitalized. Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants. African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1. Age, vitamin D, and solar ultraviolet. Lancet. 19. 89; 2(8. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP2. J Clin Invest. 20. The relation of solar radiation to cancer mortality in North America. Cancer Res. 19. 41; 1: 1. Serum 2. 5- hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: eight- year. Lancet. 19. 89; 2: 1. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, et al. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. Hanchette CL, Schwartz GG. Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Cancer. 19. 92; 7. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U. S. The association of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) with reducing risk of cancer: multifactorial ecologic analysis. Anticancer Res. 20. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 2. D levels. (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of type I diabetes. Diabetologia. 20. Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: insights from epidemiological research. Vitamin D and seasonal fluctuations of gadolinium- enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Ann Neurol. 20. 00; 4. Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences. Hypertension. 19. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth- cohort study. Lancet. 20. 01; 3. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 20. 04; 6. Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid. Arthritis Rheum. 20. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet. 19. 98; 3. Long- term trends in sunshine duration and its association with schizophrenia birth rates and. Australia and the Netherlands. Schizophr Res. 20. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. Vitamin D deficiency and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Calcif Tissue Int. Toll- like receptor triggering of a vitamin D- mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 20. 06; 3: 1. Vitamin D: photobiology, metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. In: Favus MJ. ed. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for. Bone and Mineral Research, 2. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Sā9. 6S. Vitamin D: role in skin and hair. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2. Cross HS, Bareis P, Hofer H, Bischof MG, Bajna E, Kriwanek S. Hydroxyvitamin D3- 1- hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor gene expression in human colonic mucosa is elevated during early cancerogenesis. Steroids. 20. 01; 6. Tangpricha V, Flanagan JN, Whitlatch LW, et al. Hydroxyvitamin D- 1. Lancet. 20. 01; 3. Schwartz GG, Whitlatch LW, Chen TC, Lokeshwar BL, Holiick MF. Human prostate cells synthesize 1,2. D3 from 2. 5- hydroxyvitamin D3. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Constitutive synthesis of 1,2. D3 by a human small cell lung cell line. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocr Rev. 20. 05; 2. Circ Res. 20. 00; 8. Vitamin D regulation of the renin- angiotensin system. J Cell Biochem. 20. The coming of age of 1,2. D3 analogs as immunomodulatory agents. Trends Mol Med. 20. Adorini L. 1,2. 5- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs as potential therapies in transplantation. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. Vitamin D status, 1,2. D3, and the immune system. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Sā2. 0S. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Association of low 2. D concentrations with elevated parathyroid hormone. Finnish girls. Am J Clin Nutr. Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Vitamin D- dependent seasonal variation of PTH in growing male. The effect of conventional vitamin D2 supplementation on serum 2. OH)D concentration is weak among peripubertal Finnish girls: a 3- yr prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 20. Tangpricha V, Koutkia P, Rieke SM, Chen TC, Perez AA, Holick MF. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: a novel approach. D nutritional health. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Vieth R, Garland C, Heaney R, et al. The urgent need to reconsider recommendations for vitamin D nutrition intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 2. D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Dec 1. 8 . Expanding role for vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: importance of blood 2. OH- D levels and extra- renal 1. Semin Dial. 20. 07; 2. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 2. D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am J Clin Nutr. 19. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Human serum 2. 5- hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing. Am J Clin Nutr. 20. Vitamin D, sunlight and natural selection. Science. 19. 67; 1. The vitamin D questions: how much do you need an how should you get it? J Am Acad Dermatol. Assay variation confounds the diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D: a call for standardization.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |